Resilient Wood Construction: Designing for Earthquakes and High Winds
Increased Pressure at Edge Zones
The greatest wind pressures acting on a building are negative pressures (suction), and the locations of the greatest suction pressures occur at wall and roof edge zones, as illustrated in Figure 4. Edge zones at wall corners, roof ridge, and roof perimeter represent locations of potentially high suction forces relative to the central portions of the wall or roof. The extent of increase in suction forces for roofs depends on roof geometry, but increases of two or more times the negative pressures associated with central wall area are possible.
For roof sheathing and roof sheathing attachment, the increase in forces between edge zones and interior zones is larger than that observed for walls. While wood structural panel sheathing of consistent grade and thickness is used over the length of the roof, two fastening schedules are often specified.
One fastening schedule is for roof areas outside of edge zones; fasteners here are spaced farther apart. A second fastening schedule is for higher wind pressure roof areas within the edge zones; fasteners here are more closely spaced. The roof sheathing pressures developed from the external pressure coefficients in ASCE 7-16 are higher than in previous versions of ASCE, and thus require more attention to nailing patterns and to nail types and sizes. In some cases, Roof Sheathing Ring Shank nails, which have higher withdrawal design values than smooth shank nails, are required for attachment of roof sheathing to roof framing for resistance to high wind uplift forces.
The withdrawal design values for Roof Sheathing Ring Shank Nails (RSRN) are generally 1.5 to 2 times greater than those for smooth shank nails. When using Roof Sheathing Ring Shank Nails, care should be taken to ensure that the nails are in fact RSRN nails meeting ASTM F1667, as opposed to another nail with ring shank or other deformations. The 2018 NDS for Wood includes new language for use of Roof Sheathing Ring Shank nails and new provisions for fastener head pull-through. These additions were developed to address the high uplift pressures in ASCE 7-16 and are used in the 2018 Wood Frame Construction Manual.
Resistance to Uplift
Mechanical connections, sheathing, and the dead load of the building can all be used to resist wind uplift and overturning. Dead load includes the weight of foundations and anchorage; however, only the dead load likely to be in place during a design wind event is permitted to be used in design. This is accommodated using reduced dead loads for resistance to wind-induced forces and is accomplished through load combinations provided in 2021 IBC 1605.2.
Conclusion
Proper design and construction based on research and compliance with building code requirements can minimize the negative effects of wind and seismic events. Inherently strong and ductile, and with many repetitive members and multiple connections, wood construction offers several benefits when it comes to seismic- and wind-resistant design. Buildings that protect occupants and can continue to function or recover quickly after a disaster contribute to the overall resilience of communities.
Codes and Standards
- 2021 International Building Code (IBC)
- ASCE 7
- Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS) 2021
- National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction
- Wood Frame Construction Manual (WFCM) 2018
End Notes
1 “Build Resilient with Wood.” American Wood Council. Web. 13 Sept. 2021
2 Merolla, Lisa. “Designing a (Wooden) Earthquake-proof Home.” Popular Mechanics. 16 Jul. 2009. Web
3 Building Seismic Safety Council. Homebuilders’ Guide to Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction. FEMA 232—June 2006. Web. 13 Sept. 2021
4 National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction 2018. American Wood Council. Web. 13 Sept. 2021
5 Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and Two-Family Dwellings (WFCM) 2018. American Wood Council. Web. 13 Sept. 2021
6 Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS) 2021. American Wood Council. Web. 13 Sept. 2021
7 “How are podium style wood-frame projects (e.g., 5-over-2) seismically designed to resist lateral forces?” WoodWorks. Web. 13 Sept. 2021
8 “Reduce Losses from Wind.” Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety. Web. 13 Sept. 2021