Navigating ADA Signage Compliance  

Photo courtesy of Inpro

ADA-compliant signage is a critical detail that architects and designers should be aware of in order to support persons with visual impairment and help buildings avoid costly fines.

The role that interior signage plays to support the health, wellness, and confidence of occupants and visitors cannot be understated. Providing clear, accurate, and consistent directional displays and basic information within the built environment should be a priority for architects, designers, and building owners to ensure the building is functional and accessible. Prioritizing the importance of consistent interior signage, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was created to ensure everyone, of all abilities, can successfully access and navigate the designed and built space. Additional amendments to the ADA adopted in 2010 were the Standards for Accessible Design (SAD) which gave the law more teeth – compliance is now required and enforceable on the federal level. 

ADA views visual impairments as a disability, and there are specific guidelines pertaining to signage products. Wall Mounted and Ceiling Mounted/Projected Signs are the two categories covered in SAD under interior signage. This article will provide guidance and direction for architects and designers to support their mission to specify interior signage in compliance with 2010 SAD standards, and how to avoid potential litigation risks to building owners for non-compliance. Understanding the Americans with Disabilities Act 

Disability rights are civil rights. This is the core premise of the ADA. The goal of ADA is to create spaces that are equitable, safe, and accessible to all occupants and visitors. For architects, complying with the rule isn’t just a legal requirement, it helps protect and better serve all members of the community, including people with disabilities. Understanding and adhering to the ADA guidelines can also ensure design clients can avoid costly fines, expensive retrofits for compliance, and damage to their reputation.

The year 2025 marks the 35th anniversary of President George HW Bush’s signing of the ADA into law. Protection under the law covers a wide range of disabilities, from physical conditions affecting mobility and stamina, to sight, hearing, and speech conditions. The ADA also extends protection to persons who have a history or record of such an impairment (e.g., someone in remission from cancer) or are perceived by others as having an impairment, for instance individuals with severe burn scars. Emotional illness and learning disorders are also considered disabilities under the ADA.

The Act focuses particularly on public spaces, workplaces, and services provided by state and local governments; however, most public buildings must comply with it. The ADA mandates specific design standards for the construction and modification of facilities across both public and private sectors, ensuring greater accessibility and inclusion. Since its inception, the ADA has profoundly affected the sign industry as to requirements and design options. 

Defining Visual Impairment 

Interior signage requirements in the ADA focus on accessibility and use for people with visual impairments. The ADA relies on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to define what falls into the category of visual impairments. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for updating and revising the ICD to reflect advances in medical science and evolving health conditions globally.

The ICD last updated its definition of visual impairments in 2010 (ICD-10).¹ There are four levels of visual function:

1. Normal—no or mild visual impairment
2. Moderate visual impairment
3. Severe visual impairment
4. Blindness

Moderate and severe visual impairment are grouped together under the term low vision. Low vision taken together with blindness represent all visual impairment. In relation to signage requirements, all levels of vision other than normal vision are considered a visual impairment and must be addressed when specifying interior signage. A visual impairment is considered a disability under the ADA if it substantially limits major life activity, was substantially limiting in the past, or if an employer regards or treats an individual as having sustainability a substantially limiting visual impairment.

According to one estimate, approximately 10 million people in the United States are blind or visually impaired. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) notes that over 1,000,000 adults over the age of 40 are blind and 2.4 million are visually impaired. In the next 30 years it is expected that the number of adults with vision impairments will double as the baby boomer generation ages. For our population, that means that approximately 20 million people in the United States will fall under the classification of blind in the near future. This number brings into sharp focus why buildings, both private and public, are designed to be accessible, especially as it relates to access and interior signage.

Photo courtesy of Inpro

Approximately 10 million people in the United States are blind or visually impaired and rely on consistent interior signage to navigate the built environment.  

Buildings Governed by the ADA 

In federal law, the term “title” refers to a major division or section of the U.S. Code. Titles group related laws together under subject areas for easy reference and organization. The ADA has five main titles, each addressing different aspects of accessibility and rights for people with disabilities:

• Title I: Employment—This section prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in job applications, hiring, promotions, training, wages, and other employment aspects. It covers employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. What Title 1 means is that employers must provide reasonable accommodations, meaning adjusted work schedules or accessibility workspaces, unless doing so would cause undue hardship to the business.
• Title II: State and Local Government Activities (Public Services)—This section ensures that people with disabilities have equal access to services, programs, and activities provided by state and local governments. This title covers public schools or education buildings, parks, libraries, voting facilities, and other public spaces. It also includes public transportation systems like buses, transports, and rail services. What Title II requires is that governments provide accessible facilities to ensure that services do not exclude disabled individuals.
• Title III: Public Accommodations—Title III Refers to public accommodations and prohibits discrimination by businesses and nonprofit organizations open to the public including hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, museums, and private schools. The focus of Title III is to enable physical accessibility for persons with disabilities. This can mean incorporating ramps, elevators, and appropriate access to restrooms. It is important to note that some buildings are exempt from Title III, including certain religious buildings and organizations. It is important to check with state and local standards as they often provide more specificity than the general federal requirements. 
• Title IV: Telecommunications—This section requires telephone and Internet companies to provide services enabling individuals with hearing or speech disabilities to communicate via relay services such as TRS or closed captioning on public television broadcasts. The intent of Title IV is to ensure accessibility to information across multiple mediums.
• Title V: Miscellaneous Provisions—The final title of the ADA contains provisions related to the entire act, such as how it interacts with other laws. This section prohibits retaliation or coercion against individuals who assert their rights under the ADA and includes guidance on attorney fees and insurance. This final section also notes that ADA does not override other legal rights or obligations, such as workers’ compensation laws.

The ADA requirements for signage are primarily addressed under Title II (State and Local Government Activities) and Title III (Public Accommodations) because both titles focus on ensuring that facilities open to the public are accessible. Within these Titles, the ADA identified and categorized buildings into three main groups. Buildings falling into these categories must comply with ADA standards for all new construction as well as retrofits, remodels, expansions, and alterations to the existing structure.

The first broad definition of building type is state and local government facilities. These are public facilities and include schools, hospitals, libraries, public housing, courthouses, and state prisons. It is important to note that federal facilities are covered under an earlier law, the Architectural Barriers Act, which, although very similar, is distinct from the ADA. 

The second building category in the ADA covers places of accommodation and commercial facilities that affect commerce. These buildings are broken down in the statute into 12 specific categories that include stores, shops, restaurants, bars, sales or rental establishments, service establishments, theaters, places of lodging, recreation facilities, assembly areas, private museums, and places of education. Regardless of size, nearly all types of private businesses that serve the public are included within the 12 categories. Commercial facilities include office buildings, factories, warehouses, manufacturing plants, and other facilities where operations affect commerce. There are several exceptions in the accommodation and commercial facilities group, including apartments and condominiums governed by the Fair Housing Act, which requires buildings to have stricter requirements regarding the permanent installation of signage and provides some latitude on the requirement for Braille on signage. Also, places of worship and other facilities controlled by religious organizations, such as schools or daycare centers, are not subject to ADA standards. Private clubs may be similarly exempt, depending on their exclusiveness, operations, or other factors. 

The final category covers transportation facilities like bus stops and stations, rail stations, airports, and other transportation hubs. Signage used on board transportation vehicles and services falls outside the scope of this article but is included in the ADA.

Depending on where the project is based, states, counties, or the local municipality may have additional code provisions regarding accommodation for persons with disabilities. State officials that enforce these codes, regardless of the level of government, must comply with the ADA. Any state, county, or municipality may modify their building codes related to signage, however changes must be reviewed and approved by the DOJ. In practice, this means that states, counties, and municipalities may deviate from the ADA and change compliance standards, but only if the new standard is stricter than the Federal law. California’s Title 24 is an example of a state level modification that was approved by the DOJ.

Complying with the 2010 Standard for Accessible Design (SAD) 

Over the decades, the ADA has been amended to remain relevant and recognize the needs of disabled citizens. In 2009, the ADA adopted key amendments called the Standards for Accessible Design (SAD) that expanded its scope and refined its regulations to ensure greater inclusivity and access for all individuals. These changes were formally adopted by the DOJ and became enforceable on September 15, 2010. 

Photo courtesy of Inpro

Passage of SAD required that signs designating permanent rooms and spaces must feature raised characters and Braille for easy tactile reading.  

SAD clarified and broadened the definition of “disability,” making it easier for individuals to seek legal protection against discrimination. The standard also included specific provisions for all ADA-covered facilities including assembly areas, medical care facilities, lodging places, housing at schools, correctional facilities, social service centers, and residential dwelling units. Subsequent laws and amendments addressed other systems and services including children’s play areas, recreation facilities, voting places, transportation hubs and systems, and medical diagnosis equipment.²

The impact of SAD and the following amendments extended beyond legal interpretations—significantly influencing the built environment, particularly public signage. Adopted changes were intended to enhance wayfinding and safety in public spaces by making signage more inclusive and compliant with diverse accessibility needs.  

Changes primarily involved stricter standards related to tactile and Braille signs, size and contrast requirements, and proper mounting locations. For instance, signs designating permanent rooms and spaces (e.g., restrooms, exits, and elevators) were required to feature raised characters and Braille for easy tactile reading. The amendments also specified high-contrast lettering (such as light text on dark backgrounds or vice versa) to improve visibility for those with low vision. Furthermore, mounting height regulations ensured that signs were within reach for individuals using wheelchairs or mobility devices. We will discuss all these changes and the specific requirements in the next section.

ADA Guidelines for Interior Architectural Signage 

There are two categories of interior signage covered under the ADA Guidelines. The first is wall mounted, and the second is ceiling mounted or projected.

Wall-Mounted Interior Signage

In the wall-mounted category, signs serving as identification of permanent rooms require ADA compliance. Other wall-mounted signage such as directional and informational signs are encouraged to follow the ADA standard for mounting location; however, compliance is not required.

The definition of permanent rooms as used by the ADA can be a point of confusion for architects. If rooms are identified by a person’s name, it is not a permanent room. The justification is that this person may leave the company or move office spaces at some point. However, rooms identified by a number are considered permanent. Regardless of who occupies the space, the room number will remain the same. Other permanent rooms or areas could be mechanical or janitorial spaces, break rooms, conference rooms, or administration areas like human resources or first aid and nurses’ stations. In lodging accommodations such as hotels, suites that are named, like the penthouse, presidential, or honeymoon suite, are also considered permanent rooms or spaces.

For wall-mounted interior signage designated as a permanent room identification sign, the ADA offers three guidelines—sign composition, mounting, and finish and contrast. Sign composition mandates include tactile text, or text that is raised from the face of a sign. This allows occupants with visual impairments to read the text on the sign with their hands as an alternative to knowing Braille. To ensure consistency and thus provide a clear and unfettered communication, tactile characters have a specified minimum depth, minimum and maximum heights, and spacing. Tactile text must be raised from the sign face a minimum of 1/32nd of an inch. This provides enough distinction of the characters to allow for easy identification. Characters shall have a height of 5/8 of an inch minimum, and two inches maximum. Proper spacing between characters is also required and is proportional to the height of the characters. Spacing, measured in inches, must be a minimum of 10 percent and a maximum of 35 percent of the character height.

In addition to sizes, the actual font used is important. All characters must be uppercase. Cursive or stylized fonts can be confusing or require readers to spend additional time deciphering the content. To this end, fonts must be sans serif and not italicized. There are also requirements around the thickness of the letters and the spaces between them, as well as the spacing between the fields of a sign including any Braille or pictograms. The stroke thickness shall be 15 percent of the letter “I.” This helps provide clarity for reading and keeps excessively thick or block style fonts from being used. 

Grade 2 Braille must be used on wall-mounted permanent signage and be located below the equivalent text, including multi-lined content. (For more information on the ADA requirements and history of Braille, see the sidebar). 

Photo courtesy of Inpro

Pictograms can help make certain rooms or locations easier to identify and don’t rely on language, but rather usually use common and familiar symbols to identify the room or provide information.  

Pictograms can help make certain rooms or locations easier to identify. A pictogram doesn’t rely on language, but rather usually uses common and familiar symbols to identify the room or provide information. Pictograms are intended to be visually recognizable only, and do not need to be raised. However, some users may use tactile sense to read pictograms and often manufacturing them is cost negligible.

The inclusion of pictograms in wall-mounted signage is typically required by the ADA when they serve as part of informational or directional signage for specific areas. The wheelchair symbol, which is the international symbol of accessibility, may be required on signs for entrances, restrooms, and parking areas. Restrooms often require gender-identifying or unisex pictograms. Note, California Title 24 does require pictograms for restrooms and signage must include a geometric symbol for gender, unisex, and wheelchair accessible. Theaters and service areas may need a pictogram of a telephone with a “TTY” indicator or ear symbol to signify communication aids for individuals with hearing impairments. Also, elevators, emergency exits, or areas of refuge, like tornado and earthquake shelters may require pictograms.

As with California Title 24, local guidelines may require specific pictograms, so make sure to check with your local enforcement agencies. Universally, whether the pictogram is required or not, the pictogram field shall have a field height of 6 inches minimum and shall not share the field with Braille or other raised elements.  The second guideline by the ADA for wall- mounted interior signage looks at the physical mounting of the sign. The location of the sign is critical to help people with visual impairments to quickly, and confidently, find expected signage. It is also important to mount the sign in locations that won’t needlessly endanger people from rapidly opening doors.

Mounting requirements for signs include that they must be placed on the latch side of a door and at a designated relationship with a finished floor: either 48 inches from the floor to the bottom line of text or a maximum of 60 inches to the top line of the text. To avoid possible non-compliance penalties, be aware of the mounting height relative to the installation of the finished floor. Installing mounted signs too low may result if the build-up of finished floors is greater than expected. 

To support room identification, wall-mounted signs for single doors should be mounted on the latch side of the door.   If the door is an inward swing, signs may be mounted directly to the door if all of the following three criteria are met:

• If the door is a push style, the sign must be mounted on the push side of the door. 
• The door must have an automatic close feature installed.
• There is no hold open device attached to the door (SAD 703.4.2)

These rules are to protect occupants from injury due to doors opening toward them or, in the case of doors that are held open, entering spaces that to them were unmarked. When mounting signs near a double door, if there is one active, leaf signs should be located on the inactive leaf. For two active leaves, signs may not be mounted to the door and must be located to the right of the right hand of the door.

What About the Kids? 

The ADA requirements for wall-mounted signs can pose a challenge in certain applications, for instance, elementary schools or preschool facilities. A minimum of 48 inches to the bottom can be too much of a reach for younger students. Kelly Boeder, Director of Sales in the Sign and Print Division at Inpro Corporation, has worked in the signage industry for over 20 years and is well versed in ADA requirements.  “There are always some special cases when it comes to signage and compliance,” Boeder says. “It’s really important that the architect identify these potential conflicts and reach out to both their client and inspectors to make sure the signage will work for everyone,” Boeder notes that often latitude is provided in these cases to provide access for people of all sizes. “You know, there is a lot of grace given when you have those situations like elementary schools. I think it’s in everyone’s best interest for the Fire Marshall or whoever is providing the certificate of occupancy to people, to see that in certain applications mounting the sign lower is a benefit,” Boeder says. However, Boeder stresses that the key to compliance is getting approval before construction, and not after or during the inspection phase.

The final ADA requirements for wall-mounted permanent signs for room identification, state that characters must be finished with an eggshell, matte, or other non-glare material. Additionally, characters must contrast with the background. 

Photo courtesy of Inpro

Visual impairment does not necessarily mean completely blind, which is why the contrast between text and background is an important consideration for interior signage. 

Contrast between the text color and the background color can be calculated using the Light Reflective Value (LRV) values of the two colors. The LRV of paint color refers to a number on the scale from 0 to 100 that indicates how much light a paint color reflects, with higher numbers meaning the color reflects more light and appears lighter, while lower numbers indicate a darker color that absorbs more light. Paint manufacturers can provide these on color swatches or paint chips.  

As an example, assume the darker background color of the sign has an LRV of 9 and the lighter color used for raised text has an LRV of 53. To calculate the contrast, first subtract the darker LRV from the lighter LRV to find the difference between the two colors. 53 – 9 = 42. Next, divide the difference by the higher (lighter) LRV. 42 / 53 = 79.25 In this example, the contrast percentage is 79.25 percent.

According to Boeder, specifying signage with the appropriate contrast is a detail often overlooked by architects. Because an exact contrast percentage isn’t required by the ADA, this gray area can lead to trouble in terms of violations. “It’s interesting, for a while everyone in the sign industry was using a 70 percent minimum contrast percentage between the colors on the raised characters and the background. This is what is suggested but not required by ADA,” Boeder says. “We’ve noticed that over the years that some in the industry have started to move away from this. Whenever we work with clients, we use a configurator to determine the real contrast between the colors.” Boeder has found that in practical terms, when the contrast percentage dips below the 70 percent mark, it starts to significantly impact signage visibility both close up and at a distance.

Though not as common as traditional signage, dual message signs are often required to accommodate client design requests. A dual message sign indicates the permanent space is shared by two (or more) services within the building. For example, marketing and public relations, waiting rooms and lounges, janitorial and storage. SAD requirements for dual message signs are slightly different than single message signs. 

Because more information needs to be displayed on the sign, for tactile readers character height can be smaller and only a 1/2 inch minimum, as opposed to the 5/8ths for single message signs. For the visual component, characters can be either uppercase or lowercase; simple serif fonts are allowed; and stroke thickness can be finer with a range of 10-30 percent of the letter height. Space between the characters is the same for single message signs—10 percent minimum and 35 percent maximum of the character height, and minimum character height is also the same at a minimum 5/8 inch. One final difference between dual message signs and single message signs is the mounting height. Dual message signs may be mounted 70 inches above the finished floor with a minimum viewing distance of six feet or less.

Ceiling Mounted or Projected Signage 

Ceiling mounted or projected signage requirements for directional, and informational signs are very similar to the ADA requirements for wall-mounted signs. Exit and emergency signs need to comply with ADA standards but also must adhere to specific life safety codes that range from local fire codes, building codes, and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes and standards. For the purpose of this article, we will focus on ADA requirements only.

Within the requirement for ceiling mounted and projected signage, there are three sections for specific requirements, composition, sign mounting, and sign finishing contrast. 

For composition, visual character height is determined by the horizontal viewing distance between the sign and occupants. This measurement takes into account occupant location in combination with how far from the finished floor the sign is mounted. If signage is mounted between 70 and 120 inches from the finished floor, the character height must be a minimum of 2 inches. At this height the horizontal viewing distance is measured to be less than 180 inches. As horizontal viewing distance increases, character height must increase 1/8^th of an inch per foot over 180 inches. If signage is mounted greater than 120 inches, or over 10 feet from the finished floor, character height must be a minimum of three inches. Ceiling and projected signs are not required to have Braille. To protect occupants from colliding with ceiling or projected signage, mounting requirements delineate that there must be at least 80 inches of clear space from the floor to the bottom of the sign. The finish and contrast requirements are similar to wall-mounted signs in that the characters shall be eggshell, matte, or a non-glare finish is used. High contrast between character color and the background is also required.

Avoiding ADA Non-compliance Penalties 

With the adoption of SAD into the ADA, the process and legal standing of individuals who felt discriminated against because of a disability was increased. This allowed for more people to take action to file complaints and federal lawsuits. The Act gave more power to the DOJ to pursue non-compliance, levy fines, and award monetary damages to plaintiffs. The DOJ has jurisdiction over state and local facilities, while enforcement of state codes is done at a local level by building inspectors.

While compliance of SAD became mandatory in 2012, patrons initiating grievances against buildings started to rapidly increase in 2016. In the short span of five years between 2017 and 2022, the number of lawsuits almost quadrupled. Data from 2023 and 2024 show the same trend upward with almost double-digit growth year-over-year percentage wise in ADA federal lawsuits.

Photography: Kathy Castanon, Lines & Light Studio, LLC; courtesy of Inpro

Compliance with ADA signage requirements can protect businesses from up to $75,000 for the first ADA violation. 

A closer look at the number of ADA filed lawsuits in 2024, the most recent year of record, shows that California (1,588) and New York (1,106) had the greatest number of filings with a total of 2,694 between the two of them, followed by Florida (781), Texas (114), and Pennsylvania (81).

While ADA violations can span the scope of issues such as access, doorway width, ramps, seating accommodations, restrooms, and parking, about 40 percent of violations relate to signage. These violations can be as simple as using the wrong type of Braille on a sign, to outdated, missing or incorrect content, or mounting violations. Other common signage violations are associated with missing signage around stairs and basic egress. 

Architects and designers are tasked with understanding requirements in SAD and specifying interior signage that complies. The consequences of violations can impact building owners and businesses both financially and in reputation. Courts can award monetary damages of up to $75,000 for the first ADA violation and up to $150,000 for each subsequent violation for facilities found to be out of compliance.

Manufacturing Process and Materials for ADA Compliant Signage 

The business case for adhering to ADA requirements includes creating spaces for occupants that are healthy, safe, and comfortable to use, while also avoiding potential fines and penalties for the building owner. But there are other opportunities for the architect to create value and support sustainable design goals when specifying interior signage. Signage that is low-maintenance and durable saves both time and money for building owners and can contribute to an overall sustainable design.

Photo courtesy of Inpro

Modern manufacturing options for signage have advanced rapidly in the past few years with more durable material options now available. 

Advancements in material technologies have led to the development of innovative options for durable architectural signage. When specifying signage, durable material is key because signs should last as long as the building.

In this final section, we will explore the most common types of materials, and the manufacturing processes used to make ADA compliant signage.

Popular Sign Materials 

There are several popular choices for ADA compliant signage that also satisfy durability and low-maintenance goals. Three of the most popular are rigid vinyl, applied acrylic, and photopolymer.

• Rigid Vinyl: Rigid vinyl is known for its exceptional durability. It is highly resistant to scratches, dents, and impact, making it suitable for high-traffic areas or environments where signage may be subject to frequent use as a permanent ADA compliant resource. This durability ensures that the signage maintains its visual appeal and functionality over time. The material is easy to clean and can be wiped down with mild cleaning agents to remove dirt or stains.
• Applied Acrylic: Like rigid vinyl, applied acrylic offers advantages in durability and design. It is resistant to scratches, UV radiation, and weathering, and it does not easily break or damage. It can be formed into a variety of sizes and shapes and made available in a wide range of colors, which enables the use of specific corporate or brand colors, while also providing the required high contrast background for raised text. Acrylic has excellent optical clarity and is an excellent substrate for high-resolution text to be applied. The material is lightweight, which makes it easy to handle and install, especially in ceiling mounted and projected sign applications. 
• Photopolymer: Photopolymer is a type of plastic material that has a reputation for durability and lends itself to easy maintenance.  It is yet another material that offers design flexibility in terms of shape, size, and color and it can be combined with different substrates, such as metal or acrylic, to achieve desired aesthetics. The material tends to work well for signs that require precise, crisp, and detailed graphics, text, and image. In addition, the manufacturing method results in a one-piece construction which makes this type of signage resistant to damage and vandalism.

While rigid vinyl and applied acrylic remain popular choices for signage materials, photopolymer became much more popular with the enactment of the ADA, and especially the requirement for including Grade 2 Braille in SAD. The unique qualities of photopolymer allow for relatively economic production of signage with raised characters and Braille, while offering a wide range of choices in colors, shapes, and creative options.

Photopolymer is a photosensitive synthetic compound that hardens when exposed to an ultraviolet light source. To manufacture signage, a clear, high-resolution photopolymer sheet is bonded to a variety of base substrates. Computer-generated artwork is output into a film negative placed onto the surface of the photopolymer sheet and then exposed to UV light, hardening the exposed area. This exposure creates an integral bond between the photopolymer and the base substrate. After the material has bonded, unexposed photopolymer is washed away with tap water, leaving the raised area. 

Photopolymer provides an ADA compliant, one-piece constructed sign. The benefits of single piece signage are a more durable and vandal-resistant product. Other sign manufacturing processes that may be used to make signs ADA compliant include 3D printed, chemical etching, and cast aluminum.

Conclusion

Designing and specifying interior signage that is compliant with ADA and SAD standards has a major impact on both occupants and building owners. For persons with visual impairments, interior signage is a vital element in promoting the health, safety, and confidence of the building. Clear, accurate, and consistent signage is essential to ensure the functionality and accessibility of any built environment. For building owners, adhering to ADA signage requirements helps avoid costly fines, liability, and lawsuits, and protects their reputation. 

End Notes

1. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/H54
2. https://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/accessible/history-accessible-facility-design#:~:text=Since%201968%2C%20when%20the%20Architectural,law%20on%20July%2026%2C%201990.
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11008803/

Andrew A. Hunt is Vice President of Confluence Communications and specializes in writing, design, and production of articles and presentations related to sustainable design in the built environment. In addition to instructional design, writing, and project management, Andrew is an accomplished musician and voice over actor, providing score and narration in both the entertainment and education arena. www.confluencec.com https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-a-hunt-91b747/